Cash, in financial terms, refers to physical currency and coins, as well as deposits in bank accounts that can be quickly accessed or converted to physical cash. It is a highly liquid asset and is crucial for the day-to-day operations of individuals and businesses. Cash flow is the movement of money in and out of a business, representing the operational liquidity and financial health of the entity.

Equity futures are financial contracts that obligate the buyer to purchase, or the seller to sell, a predetermined quantity of shares of a particular stock at a specified price on a future date. These contracts are standardized and traded on futures exchanges.

Equity options provide investors with flexibility, allowing them to hedge existing positions, speculate on stock price movements, generate income, or enhance portfolio returns. However, trading options involves risks and requires a good understanding of the market dynamics and associated strategies.

Index futures play a crucial role in financial markets, offering liquidity and providing a mechanism for investors and traders to express views on the overall direction of the market. As with any derivative instrument, it's important to understand the associated risks and use proper risk management strategies when trading index futures.

performance of a specific stock market index. These options provide investors with the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) the underlying index at a predetermined price (strike price) before or at the option's expiration date.